Wednesday, 26 August 2026

Kanta Gupta vs Bank of India & Ors. - The principle which is enshrined under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, is pertaining to getting the benefit of the acknowledgement made in writing by the opposite party against whom some right is being claimed, however, the same could not be claimed by the person on the basis of his own act.

 NCLAT (2026.08.21) in  Kanta Gupta  vs  Bank of India & Ors. [Comp. App. (AT) (Ins) No. 1058 of 2026 & I.A. No. 4167, 4168, 4169, 4477 of 2026] held that;

  • The principle which is enshrined under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, is pertaining to getting the benefit of the acknowledgement made in writing by the opposite party against whom some right is being claimed, however, the same could not be claimed by the person on the basis of his own act.

  • In simple words, if the acknowledgement has been made by the opposite party in writing against whom any right is being asserted, the same acknowledgement may enhance the period of limitation. However, a party, by making any document, himself, cannot extend the period of limitation by invoking section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act.

Blogger’s Comments; NCLAT laid down guidelines for looking into limitation aspect in section 94 applications. but the following question was not examined-          

  • “Whether limitation is required to be looked into, in an application filed under section 94 of the IBC.”


Hon’ble Supreme Court (1992.04.20) in Punjab National Bank And Ors vs Surendra Prasad Sinha (Criminal Appeal No. 254 of 1992.) held that;

  • "The rules of limitation are not meant to destroy  the rights of the parties.  Section 3 of  the Limitation Act only bars the remedy, but does not destroy the right which the remedy relates to. The right to  the debt continues to exist notwithstanding the remedy is barred by the limitation. .


Further Hon’ble Supreme Court (2018.10.11) in B.K. Educational Services Private Limited Vs. Parag Gupta and Associates [Civil Appeal  No.23988 of 2017] has in length noted the difference between debt “due and payable” from debts “due and recoverable”. 

  • # 20. Shri Dholakia went on to cite Bhimsen Gupta v. Bishwanath Prasad Gupta, (2004) 4 SCC 95, and In re Sir Harilal Nemchand Gosalia, AIR 1950 Bom 74, for the proposition that debts “due and payable” must be differentiated from debts “due and recoverable”. . . .

  •  . . . . .In the case of Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. State of Bombay [AIR 1958 SC 328] it has been held that when the debt becomes time-barred the amount is not recoverable lawfully through the process of the court, but it will not mean that the amount has become not lawfully payable. Law does not bar a debtor to pay nor a creditor to accept a barred debt. 


In the teeth of Hon’ble Supreme Court observations that Law does not bar a debtor to pay nor a creditor to accept a barred debt., how come section 94 application can be time barred.


Excerpts of the Order

The instant appeal has been filed by the Appellant, who is the personal guarantor of the principal borrower, against the impugned order dated 26-05-2026 passed by the Ld. National Company Law Tribunal, Chandigarh Bench (Adjudicating Authority) in CP No. 295 of 2025, whereby the petition filed by the Appellant under Section 94 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code) was dismissed on the grounds that the same is barred by limitation.


# 2. During the pendency of the instant appeal the Liquidator has issued an auction notice for the purpose of inviting bids for the auction of the leasehold rights in the subject property, along with the building constructed thereon, at a reserve price of Rs. 49 Crores 50 Lakhs. The Appellant has also moved IA No. 4477 of 2026 challenging the said auction notice.


# 3. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of this appeal appears to be that the appellant is the personal guarantor of the loan made available to the corporate debtor, namely M/s OSIL Exports Limited, which had availed credit facilities from five banks under a consortium arrangement, namely:

  • Bank of India, being the lead bank

  • State Bank of India

  • State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur

  • State Bank of Patiala

  • Oriental Bank of Commerce


Appellant had extended personal guarantees, which is evident from the deeds of guarantee dated 21-05-2014 and 21-02-2015. On the happening of the default, Bank of India had filed a petition under Section 7 of the Code against the corporate debtor, being CP No. 128/2017, titled Bank of India vs. OSIL Exports Limited, which was admitted by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority by order dated 31/01/2018.


# 4. It is also reflected that as no viable Resolution Plan was accepted by the CoC, and the Resolution Professional filed IA No. 526 of 2018 under Section 33 of the Code seeking liquidation of the CD and by order dated 17-10-2019, the liquidation process was commenced against the principal borrower/CD.


# 5. It is further reflected that on 10-9-2019, Bank of India issued notice under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002, to the Appellant and thereby invoked her personal guarantee. The Bank of India, being the lead bank, also issued notice under Section 13 (4) of the SARFAESI Act, which included the outstanding amount of all the 5 banks and took symbolic possession of the assets of the personal guarantor.


# 6. It is also reflected that on 16/04/21, a one-time settlement proposal was submitted by all guarantors, including the appellant, requesting the financial creditor to consider the OTS on behalf of the corporate debtor. The guarantors offered Rs. 22 Crore to settle the dispute. The revised OTS proposal was also submitted by the Appellant on 03/04/2023.


# 7. It is further reflected that the appellant filed CP No. 295/2025 under Section 94 of the IBC before the Ld. Adjudicating Authority on 18-12-25 and vide order dated 20-01-2026, the Ld. Adjudicating Authority appointed Resolution Professional, who submitted his report recommending admission of the petition and observing that the debt was within limitation. The Bank of India, however, filed objections with regard to the report of the Resolution Professional, and Appellant also filed objections to the response. The petition filed by Appellant under Section 94 of the Code was dismissed by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority by passing impugned order dated 26/05/2026.


# 8. We have heard the Ld. Counsels for the parties and have perused the record.


# 9. Ld. Sr. Counsel appearing for the Appellant submits that the Ld. Adjudicating Authority has committed an illegality in dismissing the petition filed by the appellant under Section 94 of the Code, as the last milestone for expiry of limitation period has not yet happened, as the recovery certificate was not issued. Elaborating further, it is submitted that the limitation for taking proceedings under Section 94 would commence from the cause of action. However, the cause of action in this case has arisen on 27/6/2016, when Section 13(2) notice was issued and ultimately a recovery certificate was issued on 18/2/2019. Thereafter, the OTS proposals was submitted to the creditors, and having regard to Section 18 of the Limitation Act, the acknowledgement made by way of these OTS proposals had extended the limitation period for another three years.


# 10. It is further submitted that the DRT proceedings are still pending against the Appellant, which has not culminated till date, and therefore the underlying borrower’s guaranteed debt is still subsisting and enforceable. Therefore, the rejection of the Section 94 petition by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority is erroneous on the score that:

  • the underlying debt recovery is still underway and pending

  • the recovery certificate has still not been issued

  • the corporate debtor is still continuing in liquidation, of which the residual debt is liable to be paid by the personal guarantor, i.e. the Appellant


Elaborating further, it is submitted that the CD is under liquidation, and the liquidation process has still not culminated, therefore, the debt is still enforceable, and therefore the petition filed by the Appellant under Section 94 of the Code may not be said to be barred by limitation.


# 11. It is further submitted that Section 18 of the Limitation Act does not distinguish between a creditor and debtor, and it will apply with equal force to the debtor as well as to the creditor. Therefore, the approach of the Ld. Tribunal is erroneous.


# 12. It is further submitted that in the present case, Section 13 (2) notice was issued on 10-09-2019, and the expiry of 60 days mentioned therein constituted the date of default, i.e., 10-11-2019. However, the date of default only indicates the first trigger for limitation. Therefore, it was imperative that further acts or causes of action would renew the period of limitation, and this aspect of the matter has been ignored by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority.


# 13. It is vehemently submitted that when a creditor can use the acknowledgements made by the debtor under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, why the same acknowledgements could not be used by the debtor? It is submitted that, at the cost of repetition, it is to be highlighted that Section 94 does not trigger on the first cause of action and allows the debtor to submit itself to the jurisdiction of the Ld. Adjudicating Authority thereafter at any date where the settlement of the dues may be in sight.


# 14. It is further submitted that the petition filed by the Appellant was within time, as the liquidation process was pending against the CD and the debt was enforceable. Moreover, Section 18 provides a new cause of action has arisen due to the proposals made by the Appellant in the form of OTS.


# 15. Learned counsel for the Respondent No. 1, however, submits that the Ld. Adjudicating Authority has correctly dismissed the application moved by the appellant under Section 94 of the code as the appellant, in its own application, admits that the cause of action is the invocation of the guarantee by notice dated 10/09/2019 and thereafter, the limitation would be available only till 10/09/2022, as specified under Article 137 of the Limitation. It is highlighted that this Appellate Tribunal in Suyog Jain v. Aravind Kumar [(2025) ibclaw.in 635 NCLAT] : 2025 SCC Online NCLAT 1354 has held that the limitation for the sake of filing an application under Section 94 of the Code has to be filed within a period of 3 years of the commencement of default (i.e., from the invocation of guarantee).


# 16. It is further submitted that this contention of the Appellant is patently wrong that, by virtue of the OTS proposals proposed by Appellant and rejected by the Bank, the same would result in extension of limitation under Section 18 of the Limitation Act. The law is well settled that once limitation starts, it runs continuously and cannot be stopped. Further, the appellant cannot seek any benefit under Section 18 of the Limitation Act by way of its own acknowledgment, which has been disputed by the respondent, against whom such right is being claimed. It is also highlighted that Section 18 categorically states that the acknowledgement of liability has to be signed by the party against whom such right is being claimed. While there is no such signed document available with the Appellant, which may extend the limitation under Section 18 of the Limitation Act.


# 17. It is further submitted that Section 94 application was moved to abuse the process of law. This Appellate Tribunal in Ashwani Kumar Oberoi versus SBI [(2026) ibclaw.in 635 NCLAT] : 2026 SCC Online Nclat 595 and in Rojina firoz Hajiani versus Union of India [(2026) ibclaw.in 1653 HC] : 2026 267 COMP CAS 82 has held that the provision of 94 IBC is being broadly misused by the guarantors to delay the proceedings of SARAFAESI Act, 2002.


# 18. It is further submitted that by moving IA No. 4477 of 2026, the Appellant has sought the stay of auction notice dated 30 June 2026 issued by the Respondent Bank, however the relief sought is beyond the jurisdiction of this appellate tribunal, as the auction notice has been issued under SARAFAESI Act, 2002 and the jurisdiction with regard to the said notice lies with the DRT.


# 19. It is further submitted that the judgment passed by the Learned Adjudicating Authority is a well-reasoned judgment, and no interference is required therein. The Appellant has sat quietly for a period of over six years since the issuance of Demand Notice, which has been issued under Section 13(2) of the SARAFAESI Act, 2002 by the Respondent Bank. The Appellant has only instituted the present proceedings with the objective of claiming the benefit of moratorium under Section 96 of the Code, which has subsequently been amended to not apply to applications for personal insolvency (owing to its flagrant misuse to stall the execution of remedies available to banks and financial institutions under the SARAFAESI Act, 2002). Thus, the appeal is liable to be dismissed.


# 20. Ld. Counsel for the appellant has relied on the law laid down by this appellate tribunal in 


# 21. Learned counsel for the respondent No. 5 – liquidator submits that OSIL Exports Limited (CD) availed various financial facilities in 2014, and the appellant and her husband, being the suspended directors of the CD, executed personal guarantees in favour of the lenders. Upon default by the CD, the loan account was classified as December 2015.


# 22. It is further submitted that Respondent No. 1, Bank of India, initiated CIRP against the CD under Section 7 of the IBC, which was admitted by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority on 31stJanuary 2018. As no resolution plan was received, the CD was ordered into liquidation vide order dated 17th October 2019, and the answering respondent was appointed as the liquidator for the purpose of conducting the liquidation process.


# 23. It is further submitted that during the liquidation process, the Respondent initiated proceedings under the SARAFAESI Act, 2002 by issuing the demand notice under Section 13(2) of SARFAESI Act on 10/09/2019, and a possession notice under Section 13(4) in respect of the subject property was also given. It was during the pendency of this liquidation proceedings Appellant filed an application under Section 94 of the Code on 3rd December 2025, consequently RP was appointed by the Ld. Adjudicating Authority under Section 97 of the Code, who submitted report under Section 99 recommending admission of the application on the ground that the Appellant’s OTS proposal dated 16 April 2021 and 3rd April 2023 extended limitation under Section 18 of the Limitation Act. Respondent bank has taken objection that the application is barred by limitation and also that there is no valid acknowledgement. Accordingly, the application filed by the appellant under Section 94 of the Code was dismissed by passing the impugned order on the ground of being barred by limitation. The liquidator in terms of liquidation regulations, published an auction notice on June 30, 2026, inviting bidders for the auction of the leasehold rights of the subject property along with the building constructed thereon at a reserve price of Rs. 49,50,00,000/- and the appellant has also challenged auction notice by moving an application being IA No. 4477 of 2026.


# 24. Ld. Counsel for the Liquidator submits that the above sequence of events clearly demonstrates that the application under Section 94 of the Code was not a bona fide invocation of the insolvency process but a calculated attempt to obstruct realization of assets by the Banks. Elaborating further, it is submitted that the Respondent-Liquidator convened the 20th Meeting of the SCC on 3rd December 2025, wherein a proposal for joint auction of the assets of the CD and of the Personal Guarantor was under consideration. It is on the same day that the Appellant hurriedly filed the application under Section 94 of the Code to trigger the interim moratorium under Section 96 and thus the proceedings have been filed only for the purpose of stalling the proposed auction.


# 25. It is further submitted that joint auction of assets is permissible for the purpose of value maximization. In this regard, the learned counsel for the Appellant has relied on the law laid down by this Appellate Tribunal in 


# 26. It is also submitted that the application being IA No. 4477 of 2026, filed under Rules 31 and 11 of the NCLT Rules, 2016, seeking stay of the Option Notice dated 30 June 2026, is not maintainable. Rule 31 is merely procedural and cannot enlarge the appellate jurisdiction of this appellate tribunal to stay an independent statutory action of the liquidator.


# 27. It is further submitted that by notice dated 30th June 2026, only the leasehold rights are being proposed to be auctioned in view of the lease deed dated 15th October 2010, and it has been specified in the auction notice clearly. Highlighting Section 36(3)(d) and Section 3(27) of the IBC, it is submitted that these sections expressly include contractual rights and every description of proprietary interest within the liquidation estate which may be sold by the liquidator in order to maximize the value. In this regard, the law laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Victory Iron Works Limited v. Jitender Lohia and others, [(2023) ibclaw.in 29 SC] : (2023) 7 SCC 227, has been relied.


# 28. Before proceeding further, it is clarified that on 31st July 2026, we have noted that the Respondent No. 1 has filed the reply. It was also informed that the Respondent No. 1 is the lead bank, while Respondent No. 2 and 3 are members of the consortium. Therefore, the reply filed by the Respondent No. 1 may also be deemed to be the reply filed by the respondent No. 2 and 3. In this regard, the statement made by the counsel for respondent No. 1 was recorded. We have to place on record that, vide order dated 22nd July 2026, we permitted the appellant to file amended memo of parties, which has been filed. Now, having regard to the amended memo of parties, the Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Rare Assets Reconstruction Limited, Mr. Diwan Asparan Nabi, and OSIL Exports Limited have been arrayed as Respondent No. 1 to 5, respectively.


# 29. We also place on record that on 31st July 2026, we have heard the submissions made by Ld. Counsel for the Appellant as well as Ld. Counsel appearing for the respondents No. 1, 4 and 5.


# 30. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the record, we notice that there are certain facts in the instant appeal which are admitted to the Appellant. In view of the facts stated by the appellant in the memo of appeal and in the list of dates and events, it appears to be admitted to the appellant that he had executed deeds of personal guarantee in favour of the consortium lenders in respect of credit facilities availed by OSIL exports Limited vide guarantee deeds dated 21st May 2014 and 21st February 2015. The loan account of the CD was classified as a Non-Performing Asset (NPA) on 31st Dec 2015.


# 31. It is also admitted to the Appellant that the Respondent No. 1, Bank of India, filed a petition under Section 7 of the Code against the CD on 29/11/2017, and the Learned Adjudicating Authority vide Order dated 31/01/2018 initiated the CIRP against the CD.


# 32. It is also admitted to the Appellant that vide notice issued under Section 13 of the SARAFAESI Act, 2002 on 10/09/2019, the personal guarantee was invoked against the Appellant and also that in absence of any viable Resolution Plan, the Ld. Adjudicating Authority has directed the initiation of liquidation proceedings against the CD on 17th October 2019.


# 33. It is also admitted to the Appellant that the Respondent No. 1, Bank of India, issued possession notice under Section 13(4) of the SARAFAESI Act, 2002, and took symbolic possession of assets of the Appellant on 25-11-2019.


# 34. It is further stated by the appellant that the appellant submitted one-time settlement proposal on 16-04-2021 and a revised OTS proposal on 03-04-2023. Petition under Section 94 of the IBC was filed by the Appellant on 18th December 2025, whereon, the Ld. Adjudicating Authority appointed a Resolution Professional on 20th January 2026, who submitted his report on 05/02/2026 in favour of the Appellant. However, Bank of India filed objections to this report, contending that the application is beyond limitation and also that the recovery proceedings had already been initiated. The Appellant also filed a reply to the objections of the Bank of India, however, the Ld. Adjudicating Authority dismissed the Section 94 petition by passing the impugned order.


# 35. The main thrust of the submissions advanced by Ld. Counsel for the appellant is on the fact that by submitting OTS proposals dated 16-04-2021 and revised proposal on 03-04-2023 within the period of limitation of three years since invocation of guarantee on 10.09.2019, the same would constitute valid acknowledgement of liability under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963 and a fresh period of three years would commence from such acknowledgement in writing and thus period till 03.04.2026 was available to the guarantor to file petition.


# 36. Ld. Counsels for the Respondents have contended that Section 94 application was moved with mala fide intent and was not a bona fide invocation of the insolvency process and it is a calculated attempt to obstruct realization of assets by the banks. It is highlighted that 20th meeting of the SCC was held on 03/12/2025, wherein a proposal for joint auction of the assets of the CD and of the personal guarantor was under consideration. On the very same day, the appellant hurriedly filed the application under Section 94 of the code only for the purpose of triggering the interim moratorium under Section 96 and it was not a sincere effort for submitting any repayment plan.


# 37. It was also highlighted that the guarantee was invoked in the year 2019, and the petition under Section 94 was filed after six years, which itself shows that the same has not been filed with any bona fide intention. It is also the case of the respondents that by moving any OTS, the appellant cannot invoke Section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act for the purpose of extension of limitation.


# 38. We also notice that the Ld. Adjudicating Authority in the impugned order has given following reasons for dismissing the application filed by the Appellant under Section 94 of the Code: –

  • “5. We have heard the Learned Counsel for the Creditor and the RP. As can be seen from the provisions of Section 18 of the Limitation Act, where before the expiration of the prescribed period of limitation for a suit or application in respect of any property or right an acknowledgement of liability in respect of such property or right has been made in writing signed by the party against whom such property or right is claimed or by any person through whom he derives his title or liability, a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the acknowledgment was so signed. Section 18(1) of the Limitation Act reads thus:

  • “Section 18(1) of the Limitation Act, 1963 (India) deals with the effect of acknowledgment in writing. It provides:

  • Where, before the expiration of the prescribed limitation period for a suit or application relating to any property or right, an acknowledgment of liability regarding that property or right is made in writing and signed by the party against whom the right is claimed (or by a person through whom he derives title or liability), a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the date on which the acknowledgment was signed”.

  • 6. From the aforementioned provisions, it is clear that the acknowledgment should be made by the parties against whom the right is claimed. In the present case, when the debtor has initiated the process to offer repayment plan to creditors, the Bank of India as one of the creditor has opposed the report of RP. To take the benefit of Section 18 of the Limitation Act, the RP need to show the acknowledgment from the Bank of India, which has actively opposed the admission of the present petition. The RP/debtor cannot seek the benefit of the act of debtor. If an acknowledgment by the party pursuing the cause is relied upon to give benefit of Section 18 of the Limitation Act, the provision could be widely abused. It could be different issue if the creditor i.e. Bank of India, had accepted the proposal and then the debtor/PG subsequently committed default in repaying the amount of debt (settled amount). However, such is not the position in the present case. Indubitably, Account of the principal debtor was declared as NPA on 31.12.2015 and the notice under Section 13(2) of SARFAESI Act, 2002 was issued on 10.09.2019, thus the debtor had period of limitation available to him to file petition under Section 94 of IBC, 2016 till 09.09.2022. The petition preferred under Section 94 of the Code in the year 2025, is barred by limitation and deserves to be rejected. In the wake, the recommendation/report given by the RP as annexed and the petition preferred under Section 94 of IBC are rejected. IA(IBC)/195(CH) 2026 and CP(IB) No.295/Chd/Hry/2025 are accordingly disposed of”.


# 39. We at the outset record that the view adopted by Ld. Adjudicating Authority is in accordance with law and in our considered opinion also, the appellant by any unilateral act cannot enhance or extend the limitation.

  • Section 18 (1) of the Limitation Act, 1963, provides as under:

  • “Where, before the expiration of the prescribed period for a suit or application in respect of any property or right, an acknowledgment of liability in respect of such property or right has been made in writing signed by the party against whom such property or right is claimed, or by any person through whom he derives his title or liability, a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the acknowledgment was so signed”.


The principle which is enshrined under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, is pertaining to getting the benefit of the acknowledgement made in writing by the opposite party against whom some right is being claimed, however, the same could not be claimed by the person on the basis of his own act. In simple words, if the acknowledgement has been made by the opposite party in writing against whom any right is being asserted, the same acknowledgement may enhance the period of limitation. However, a party, by making any document, himself, cannot extend the period of limitation by invoking section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act. In this regard the law laid down by this appellate tribunal in Zameer Pawan Kumar Agarwal v. Pankaj Prabhudayal Goenka (RP) and Ors., (2025) ibclaw.in 1044 NCLAT may be recalled.


# 40. In fact, Zamir Pawan Kumar Agarwal (supra) was cited by Ld. Senior Counsel, appearing for the Appellant, in order to project that the limitation period would start from the date when the recovery certificate has been issued. However, we are of the considered view that the limitation period, so far as the guarantor is concerned, would commence from the date of invocation of the guarantee. In the aforesaid case of Zamir Pawan Kumar Agarwal, a coordinate branch of this Appellate Tribunal has categorically held that the mere fact that the Appellant gave an OTS proposal to the bank shall not give any benefit under Section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act to the Appellant for completing the limitation period.


# 41. This Appellate Tribunal, in Yogesh Kumar Thakkar vs Indian Overseas Banks and Others (2026) ibclaw.in 655 NCLAT, categorically held that for Section 94 application, the limitation would start running against the personal guarantor for initiating proceeding under Section 94 of the Code from the cause of action which according to the Tribunal occurred in that case on 27/06/2016 when the notice under Section 13(2) of the SARAFAESI Act, 2002, was issued, and thereafter, when recovery certificate was issued on 18/02/2019. Thus the cause of action would accrue from invocation of guarantee.


# 42. This may be viewed from another angle. An OTS, which has been moved by the guarantor, is nothing but an admission of liability. Having regard to the general principles of admissions, a party making an admission cannot use the same for his own benefit. Rather, the admission made by a party can be proved against him by the other party. The OTS, which has been moved by the Appellant as a personal guarantor, could be used by the bank for invoking Section 18 of the Limitation Act, but the same could not be used by the Appellant/Guarantor himself in order to extend the limitation.


# 43. Thus, if we exclude the period which has been included by the appellant in view of Section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act, it would emerge that the three-year period provided under Section 137 of the Indian Limitation Act has expired much before the institution of the proceeding by the appellant, under Section 94 of the Code, on 18-12-2025. Thus, the petition filed by the appellant under Section 94 of the Code was clearly barred by limitation.


# 44. Since we have found that the petition filed by the Appellant under Section 94 of the Code is barred by limitation, we are not commenting on the timing of filing the Section 94 petition by the Appellant as highlighted by the Respondent and suffice it is to say that by passing the impugned order, no illegality appears to have been committed by Ld. Adjudicating Authority.


# 45. Thus, for the reasons given here in before, we do not find any merit in the appeal filed by the appellant, therefore the appeal as well as the IA No. 4477 of 2026 filed by the appellant is hereby dismissed.


# 46. There is no order as to costs.


# 47. Pending I.A.’s, if any, is also disposed of.

--------------------------------------------


Thursday, 20 August 2026

Swati Singhania, RP of Aasia Begum - While the notice does not expressly use the words “invocation of guarantee” or quote the guarantee-deed, its language clearly communicates to the Guarantor that he is expected to discharge his liability under the guarantee, failing which the Bank will proceed against the Credit Facility. The substance of the demand is that the Guarantor is called upon by name to make payment in respect of the Borrower’s indebtedness and the Bank’s claim thereon.

 NCLT Kolkata (2026.07.23) in  Swati Singhania, RP of Aasia Begum  [(2026) ibclaw.in 2912 NCLT, I.A (IB) No. 1633/KB/2024 in C.P (IB) No. 134/KB/2024] held that;

  • The material placed on record reflects that the demand notice under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002 was issued on 26.05.20226 and the present petition has been filed on 07.05.2024. Accordingly, we are satisfied that the Application is not barred by limitation.

  • On perusal of the records, this Adjudicating Authority finds that demand notice dated 26.05.2022 was issued by Mr. Vineet Kumar Singh, authorised officer of Indian Bank addressed to the Personal Guarantor, calling upon her to make the payment of the overdue amount within Sixty (60) days from the date of the notice, failing which the Bank would be constrained to exercise its rights of enforcement of security interest.

  • While the notice does not expressly use the words “invocation of guarantee” or quote the guarantee-deed, its language clearly communicates to the Guarantor that he is expected to discharge his liability under the guarantee, failing which the Bank will proceed against the Credit Facility. The substance of the demand is that the Guarantor is called upon by name to make payment in respect of the Borrower’s indebtedness and the Bank’s claim thereon.

  • This Adjudicating Authority holds that the notice dated 26.05.2022 satisfies the contractual requirement of a “demand” under Clause 2 of the Guarantee Deed and therefore constitutes a valid invocation of the personal guarantee. Consequently, the Guarantor’s liability stood triggered from the date of that notice and the condition precedent for initiation under Section 95 has been fulfilled.

  • It is clear that with regard to maintainability of Application under Section 95 by a Financial Creditor against a Personal Guarantor, even if no insolvency resolution process or liquidation proceedings of a Corporate Debtor is pending, has been held to be maintainable and the view taken by this Appellate Tribunal in Mahendra Kumar Jajodia has also received the approval of the Hon’ble Supreme Court.


Blogger’s Comments; Para 11.6  of the order, reading as under, needs close scrutiny

  • 11.6 On perusal of the records, this Adjudicating Authority finds that demand notice dated 26.05.2022 was issued by Mr. Vineet Kumar Singh, authorised officer of Indian Bank addressed to the Personal Guarantor, calling upon her to make the payment of the overdue amount within Sixty (60) days from the date of the notice, failing which the Bank would be constrained to exercise its rights of enforcement of security interest.


Generic notice under section 13(2) of Sarfaesi is for enforcement of security interest. It cannot be a substitute of recall notice on borrower or notice of invocation of the guarantee deed unless the same is properly worded in accordance with the terms of guarantee deed.


I am of the opinion that invocation of guarantee cannot be equated with enforcement of security interest. Section 13(2) notice under Sarfaesi specifically states that "in case of non payment of dues the lender will enforce the security interest". Section 13(2) notice is not the precursor to filing of the recovery suit. Non compliance of section 13(2) notice has Statutorily defined specific consequences under section 13(4) of Sarfaesi only. The entire legal framework under Sarfaesi revolves around enforcement of security interests only, implying thereby that recovery is restricted to the extent of security interest created by the personal guarantor, i.e. not beyond the security interest, whereas resolution process covers entire spectrum of the assets of the personal guarantor. 


Excerpts of the Order

# 1. The Court convened through Hybrid/physical mode.

# 2. Both the petition and application are being considered together through this common order.


I.A (IB) No. 1633/KB/2024

# 3. This application IA(IBC) No. 1633/KB/2024 has been filed by the Resolution Professional (“RP”) inter alia seeking following reliefs:

  • I. To allow the present application under Section 99 of the Insolvency Bankruptey Code, 2016 for taking on record Report filed by Resolution Professional;

  • II. To pass any such further order/ orders as this Hon’ble Bench deems fit and proper in the interest;

  • III. Such other order/orders as the Ld. Court deems Fit and Proper.


# 4. Background of the case:

4.1 The Applicant has been appointed as the Resolution Professional in the Insolvency Resolution Process of the Personal Guarantor, Mrs. Aasia Begum, by an order dated 10.05.20241 passed by this Tribunal in C.P (IB) No. 134/KB/2024.

4.2 The Applicant seeks to bring on record the Report2 of Resolution Professional under Section 99(7) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (“IBC”) prepared by the Applicant in respect of the Insolvency Resolution Process of the Personal Guarantor.


# 5. Order

5.1 We are inclined to take on record the Report under Section 99(7) of IBC, 2016 filed by the Resolution Professional in the Insolvency Resolution Process of the Personal Guarantor, Mrs. Aasia Begum.


# 6. Accordingly, IA (IB) No. 1633/KB/2024 is allowed and disposed of.


C.P (IB) No. 134/KB/2024

# 1. This C.P.(IB) No. 134/KB/2024 has been preferred by the Indian Bank to seek initiation of Insolvency Resolution Process against Mrs. Aasia Begum, Personal Guarantor of M/s Giribaba Tradelink Private Limited under Rule 7(2) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority for Insolvency Resolution Process for Personal Guarantor to Corporate Debtor) Rules, 2019.


# 2. The amount in debt is Rs. 5,76,99,050.82 (Rupees Five Crores Seventy-Six Lakhs Ninty-Nine Thousands Fifty and Eighty-Two Paise Five only) (Principal: Rs. 3,92,22,727.90 and Unapplied interest of Rs. 1,84,76,322.92) as on 25.03.2024 including unapplied interest and other charges at applicable rates.


# 3. The application is complete as required under Section 95 read with Rule 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority for Insolvency Resolution Process for Personal Guarantors to Corporate Debtor) Rules, 2019.


# 4. It is to be noted that Hon’ble Supreme Court in the judgment of Dilip B. Jiwrajka Vs. Union of India & Ors3. has upheld the Constitutional Validity of the Sections 94 to 100 and the propositions that can be culled out from the Judgments inter-alia are as follows:

  • “i. No judicial adjudication is involved at the stages envisaged in Sections 95 to Section 99 of the IBC;

  • ii. The Resolution Professional appointed under Section 97 serves a facilitative role of collating all the facts relevant to the examination of the application for the commencement of the insolvency resolution process which has been preferred under Section 94 or Section 95. The report to be submitted to the adjudicatory authority is recommendatory in nature on whether to accept or reject the application;

  • iii. No adjudicatory function of Adjudicating Authority is contemplated at the admission stage. To read in such a requirement at that stage would be to rewrite the statue which is impermissible in the exercise of judicial review;

  • iv. The resolution professional may exercise the powers vested under Section 99(4) of the IBC for the purpose of examining the application for insolvency resolution and CP/IB/337/AHM/2020 12 of 17 to seek information on matters relevant to the application in order to facilitate the submission of the report recommending the acceptance or rejection of the application;

  • v. There is no violation of natural justice under Section 95 to Section 100 of the IBC as the debtor is not deprived of an opportunity to participate in the process of the examination of the application by the resolution professional;

  • vi. No judicial determination takes place until the adjudicating authority decides under Section 100 whether to accept or reject the application. The report of the resolution professional is only recommendatory in nature and hence does not bind the adjudicatory authority when it exercises its jurisdiction under Section 100;

  • vii. The adjudicatory authority must observe the principles of natural justice when it exercises jurisdiction under Section 100 to determine whether to accept or reject the application.

  • viii. The purpose of the interim moratorium under Section 96 is to protect the debtor from further legal proceedings; and

  • ix. The provisions of Section 95 to Section 100 of the IBC are not unconstitutional as they do not violate Article 14 and A.”


# 5. The Financial Creditor have not proposed the name of Insolvency Professional for appointment as RP. This Adjudicating Authority vide order dated 10.05.2024 appointed Mrs. Swati Singhania, having IBBI Registration No. IBBI/IPA-001/IP-P-10985/2020-2021/13214 as RP and to file her report in terms of Section 97 within ten (10) days.


# 6. The RP had filed an application I.A(IB) No. 1633/KB/2024 on 05.08.2024 to take on record the Report under Section 99(7) of IBC, 2016 and which is taken on record through this common order.


# 7. The RP Mrs. Swati Singhania has vide her report dated 05.08.2024 which is attached at Pages No. 18-45 in I.A(IB) No. 1633/KB/2024 recommended the following:

Report under Section 99 of IBC

Sl. No

Particulars

Details

1.

Particulars of Applicant/ Financial Creditor.

Indian Bank

Address: 14, Indian Exchange Place, 1st Floor, Kolkata -700 001 Email:samlkolkata@indianbank.co.in PAN: AAACI1607G

2.

Particulars of Corporate Debtor under CIRP.

Giribaba Tradelink Private Limited Address: Mahisadal House 78, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkata 700 013.

Email:giribabatradelink@gmail.com CIN: U74999WB2012PTC182766

3.

Date of Commencement of CIRP of Corporate Debtor.

The CIRP against the Corporate Debtor has not yet been initiated.

4.

Details of personal guarantee given to Applicant by personal guarantor

Date of Guarantee: 23rd April, 2021 Personal Guarantee Agreement is executed by: Mrs. Aasia Begum

On Behalf of Corporate Debtor: M/s. Giribaba Tradelink Private Limited.

5.

Date of invocation of personal guarantee by financial creditor.

26.05.2022 u/s SARFAESI Act, 2002.

6.

Date of filing Petition under Section 94/95 of IBС.

26th April, 2024.

7.

Amount in default by Corporate Debtor to the Applicant at the time of commencement of CIRP.

Rs. 5,76,99,050.82 as on 25th March, 2024 plus interest/charges thereon.

8.

Amount provided in the resolution plan, if any, against the claim of the applicant

Details not available.

9.

Balance due from personal guarantor.

Rs. 5,76,99,050.82 as on 25th March, 2024 plus interest/charges thereon.

10.

Net worth of personal guarantor as on date of the Report

Current Date Net Worth is Not Available.

11.

Copies of past 5 years balance sheet and income taх return of personal guarantor

Not available

12.

Details of actions taken by Applicant or any other Financial Creditor against Personal Guarantor under any other Act in respect of debt owed by Corporate Debtor.

Notice u/s 13(2) of SARFAESI Act, 2002, on 26th May,2022.

13.

Recommendations (Admit/Reject).

In compliance with IBC Regulation and Code the Resolution Professional Recommends for Admission of the Application.


# 8. After the appointment of the RP the following actions are taken. The extract text are reproduced herein below:

  • “By a letter dated 15h June 2024 sent via Speed Postdated on 15″ June 2024, RP requested PG to prove the repayment of the debt claimed by the creditor as per section 99, sub section (2) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 and provide certain documents/information. She was given 3 days’ time to reply from the date of the email & letter. Reply from PG was not received within stipulated period. RP communicated with PG repeatedly via phone calls as follows:

  • On 7th June 2024, calls were made to the 3 numbers given in the Petition document. One of the numbers (84207 98530) responded as being son of Mrs. Aasia Begum and he assured to call back RP to make her speak to Mrs. Aasia Begum

  • On the same date, contact was tried making to the other two numbers, where no response was received or incoming was not available.

  • Again, on 13th June 2024, calls were made to the same number to speak to Mrs. Assia Begum, where in a conversation with Md. Nooruddin Taj (On the Mobile Number: 98319 21387) was made – who mentioned that he is the husband of Mrs. Aasia Begum. He assured to call back RP to make her speak to Mrs. Aasia Begum.

  • On 4th July 2024, a call again was made to remind Mrs. Aasia Begum to reply to the notice or come visit the RP. They claimed that they are out of city for Medical Treatment. And he confirmed that he would reply on the email sent to him. However, a reply on the mail, or Letter was not made. Neither the RP has been able to speak to Mrs. Aasia Begum herself-as the communication was always being made by one of her relatives

  • An email dated July 04, 2024, regarding the same matter was also sent on a given email id by Md. Nooruddin Taj at giribabatradelink@gmail.com. However, during the conversation on 13th June 2024, Md. Nooruddin Taj claimed that the amount has not been paid yet. Further, the RP tried connecting with Mrs. Aasia Begum during the first and second week of July, 2024, but the calls could be connected.

  • The other contact details provided in the Petition Copy was tried a number of times, however the numbers were switched off/ or incoming was not available on these numbers at all times. Copy of Email, Track Report of Speed Post are annexed herewith and collectively marked as “ANNEXURE-B”.


# 9. The RP relied upon following documents which are extracted from the Report under Section 99 of IBC, 2016 and reproduced herein below:

  • “On receipt of the NCLT Order and as directed, RP scrutinized application filed by Indian Bank for initiation of Insolvency Resolution Process along with all the documents in support of demand. She also studied NCLT Orders initiating Insolvency Resolution Process of the Corporate Debtor. RP also requested PG to cooperate and provide all the necessary documents which was complied with. RP relied upon the Application copy filed by the applicant for initiation of Insolvency Resolution Process as received from Advocates of the Applicant, MCA data and discussions with the PG & the applicant.”


# 10. The RP Mrs. Swati Singhania has vide his report dated 05.08.2024 has recommended admission of the personal guarantor into the Insolvency resolution process. The relevant portion of his report has been extracted and appended below for the sake of convenience.

  • “We conclude and recommend as below:

  • i) The Personal Guarantor has committed default in payment of the debts to the Bank as agreed upon and has confirmed that she has not repaid any amount till date.

  • ii) The debts mentioned in the application are qualifying debt and not excluded debts.

  • iii) The application is accompanied with details and documents as mentioned in Section 95(4) and has been duly filed in the prescribed Form-C with the requisite fees – satisfied the requirement under Section 95(6).

  • iv) The Applicant Bank has provided copy of the application to the Personal Guarantor.

  • v) Demand notice issued as per prescribed format.

  • vi) No amount received within a period of 14 days of issue of demand notice but with constant endeavor made by RP,

  • vii) The applicant has provided information and given explanation sought by me.

  • viii) The Personal Guarantor is not eligible under Section 80 for a Fresh Start Process as provided under Part III Chapter II.

  • Recommendation:

  • After examination of the application under sub section (6) of section 99, I hereby recommend, in terms of section 99(7) of IBC 2016, for acceptance of the application filed u/s 95 of IBC, 2016 for commencement of Insolvency resolution Process against Mrs. Aasia Begum Personal Guarantor to the Corporate Debtor.”


# 11. Findings and Analysis

11.1 We have heard the Ld. Counsels appearing for the Applicant. We have considered the report and perused the details of claim indicated therein.

11.2 Before going into the merits of the present matter we find that this Adjudicating Authority vide order dated 28.04.2026 set the matter as Ex-Parte. The relevant portion of the order is extracted below:

  • “Notice was served upon Personal Guarantor and proof of service has been placed on 17/06/2025. Thereafter, it is observed that none has appeared on behalf of the Personal Guarantor in the matter. Hence, PersonalGuarantor is set ex parte. List the matter for ex parte hearing against Personal Guarantor on 22/05/2026.

11.3 It is an undisputed fact that Mrs. Aasia Begum had extended her personal guarantee in respect of the Cash Credit Facility availed by M/s Giribaba Tradelink Private Limited. In consideration thereof, the Personal Guarantor executed the Deed of Guarantee dated 23.04.20214 and the Consent Letter dated 23.04.20215, both of which form part of the record. By virtue of the said documents, the Personal Guarantor unequivocally undertook to discharge the liabilities arising under the credit facility in the event of default by the Principal Borrower.

11.4 We further find that the present Petition is within the prescribed period of limitation. The material placed on record reflects that the demand notice under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002 was issued on 26.05.20226 and the present petition has been filed on 07.05.2024. Accordingly, we are satisfied that the Application is not barred by limitation.

11.5 This Adjudicating Authority finds the present petition is completed and filed in accordance with Rule 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority for Insolvency Resolution Process for Personal Guarantor to Corporate Debtors) Rules, 2019 and the same is submitted in Form-C.

11.6 On perusal of the records, this Adjudicating Authority finds that demand notice dated 26.05.2022 was issued by Mr. Vineet Kumar Singh, authorised officer of Indian Bank addressed to the Personal Guarantor, calling upon her to make the payment of the overdue amount within Sixty (60) days from the date of the notice, failing which the Bank would be constrained to exercise its rights of enforcement of security interest.

11.7 The Agreement of Guarantee dated 23.04.20217, executed by the Personal Guarantor, contains the following salient clauses:

  • “2. The Guarantor(s) hereby guarantees *jointly and severally to pay the bank on demand all principal, interest, costs, charges and expenses due and which may at any time become due to the Bank from the Borrower on the accounts opened in respect of the facility (hereinafter called the ‘said accounts’)……”

  • “3. The Guarantor(s) hereby declare/s that this guarantee shall be continuing guarantee and shall not be considered as cancelled or in any way affected by the fact that at any time the said accounts may show no liability against the Borrower or may even show a credit in borrower’s favour but shall continue to be a guarantee and remain in operation in respect of all subsequent transactions.”

11.8 On a conjoint reading of Clauses 2 and 3 it is clear that the liability of the Guarantor is triggered by a demand made by the Bank and the Guarantee Deed is unconditional, irrevocable and continuing in nature and the liability is also co-extensive with that of the principal borrower and that the Deed does not require any particular mode or form of the demand notice. The contractual mechanism links the Guarantor’s enforceable obligation to the “on demand” clause.

11.9 In the present case the demand notice dated 26.05.2022 is addressed to the Guarantor, demands payment of the overdue amount within a stipulated timeline (Sixty days), and warn of appropriate action under the law. While the notice does not expressly use the words “invocation of guarantee” or quote the guarantee-deed, its language clearly communicates to the Guarantor that he is expected to discharge his liability under the guarantee, failing which the Bank will proceed against the Credit Facility. The substance of the demand is that the Guarantor is called upon by name to make payment in respect of the Borrower’s indebtedness and the Bank’s claim thereon.

11.10 In view of the foregoing, this Adjudicating Authority holds that the notice dated 26.05.2022 satisfies the contractual requirement of a “demand” under Clause 2 of the Guarantee Deed and therefore constitutes a valid invocation of the personal guarantee. Consequently, the Guarantor’s liability stood triggered from the date of that notice and the condition precedent for initiation under Section 95 has been fulfilled.

11.11 A bare perusal of the report indicates that no Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process or CIRP has been initiated against the principal borrower M/s Giribaba Tradelink Private Limited. In this regard it is important to mention a celebrated order of Hon’ble National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (“NCLAT) in the matter of AnitaGoyal Vs. Vistra ITCL (India) Ltd & Anr where the Hon’ble NCLAT decided the issue, “Whether when no CIRP orliquidation proceedings of a Corporate Debtor is pendingbefore the NCLT, whether an Application for personalinsolvency against a Personal Guarantor has to be filedbefore the NCLT?and held as follows:

  • “24. When expression “without prejudice” is used in sub-section (2), the provisions of sub-section (2) in no manner is cutting down the applicability of provisions of sub-section (1) of Section 60. Section 60, sub-section (1) clearly lays down that Adjudicating Authority in addition to insolvency resolution and liquidation for Personal Guarantors, shall be the NCLT having territorial jurisdiction over the place where the registered office of a Corporate Person is located. The issue which has arisen in the present case, came for consideration before this Tribunal in several cases. Two judgments have been relied by learned Counsel for the Respondent, which need to be noticed. The first judgment, which has been relied by learned Counsel for Respondent is State Bank of India vs. Mahendra Kumar Jajodia – (2022) SCC Online NCLAT 58, in which case, an Application under Section 95 was filed by the State Bank of India before NCLT, Kolkata Bench, seeking initiation of CIRP against Personal Guarantor, which Application came to be rejected by the Adjudicating Authority as premature relying on Section 60, sub-section (2) and holding that for an insolvency resolution process to be initiated against the guarantor there must be CIRP or liquidation process pending against the principal borrower/ Corporate Debtor. ************

  • 26. This Tribunal held that sub-section (2) of Section 60, does not in any manner prohibit filing of proceeding under Section 95 of the Code, even if no proceedings are pending before NCLT. The order of Adjudicating Authority was set aside and the Application under Section 95(1) was revived before the NCLT Kolkata bench. The above judgment clearly covers the issue, which has been raised in the present Appeal and this Tribunal has also answered the said issue holding that even if no CIRP or liquidation is pending against the Corporate Debtor, Application under Section 95 can be filed before the NCLT.

  • 27. Another judgment of this Tribunal relied by the Respondent is Mahendra Kumar Agarwal (supra), which was also a case where Personal Guarantor has challenged the order passed by NCLT Hyderabad, where NCLT, in proceedings under Section 95, has appointed an RP, which order was challenged before the Chennai Bench of this Tribunal. The Personal Guarantor contended before the Appellate Tribunal that Application filed under Section 95 is not maintainable, which ought to have been filed before the DRT. The Appellate Tribunal has noticed elaborately the submissions advanced before it by both the parties and also referred to the various judgments and citations relied by both the parties. The Chennai Bench of this Tribunal has also referred to and relied the judgment of this Tribunal in State Bank of India vs. Mahendra Kumar Jajodia (supra). The Chennai Bench of this Tribunal has laid down that CIRP against the Corporate Debtor is not a condition precedent for initiation of insolvency resolution process against the Personal Guarantor.

  • **********

  • 28. The above judgment clearly lays down the law by this Tribunal that it is not a precondition that CIRP or liquidation has to be pending before NCLT. The Application filed under Section 95 was held to be maintainable. It is further relevant to notice that judgment of this Tribunal in Mahendra Kumar Jajodia case decided by this Tribunal was also challenged before the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Civil Appeal No. 1871-1872 of 2022. The Hon’ble Supreme Court vide its judgment dated 06.05.2022 dismissed the Appeal. The order passed by Hon’ble Supreme Court on 06.05.2022 is as follows:

  • “We have heard learned Solicitor General and learned senior counsel for the parties and perused the record. We do not see any cogent reason to entertain the Appeals. The judgment impugned does not warrant any interference. The Appeals are dismissed.”

  • 29. From the above it is clear that with regard to maintainability of Application under Section 95 by a Financial Creditor against a Personal Guarantor, even if no insolvency resolution process or liquidation proceedings of a Corporate Debtor is pending, has been held to be maintainable and the view taken by this Appellate Tribunal in Mahendra Kumar Jajodia has also received the approval of the Hon’ble Supreme Court.


# 12. We have considered the report and perused the details of claim indicated therein.


# 13. We are satisfied with the recommendation of the Resolution professional to admit the application.


# 14. Hence, we pass the following order:

I. This application is admitted under Section 100;

II. In terms of Section 101: A moratorium shall commence in relation to all the debts and shall cease to have effect at the end of the period of one hundred and eighty days beginning with the date of admission of the application or on the date this Adjudicating Authority passes an order on the repayment plan under section 114, whichever is earlier.

III. During the moratorium period—

  • a) any pending legal action or proceeding in respect of any debt shall be deemed to have been stayed;

  • b) the creditors shall not initiate any legal action or legal proceedings in respect of any debt; and

  • c) the debtor shall not transfer, alienate, encumber or dispose of any of his assets or his legal rights or beneficial interest therein;

  • 4) In relation to a firm, the moratorium under subsection (1) shall operate against all the partners of the firm.

  • 5) The provisions of this section shall not apply to such transactions as may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with any financial sector regulator.

  • 6) In absence of any prayers from any quarters against the nominated Resolution Professional, the IRP i.e., Mrs. Swati Singhania will act as the Resolution Professional.

  • 7) The said RP shall act in terms of Section 102, 103, 104 of the Code, to cause public notice, invite claims from creditors, prepare list of creditors, and hold regular meeting as directed hereunder:

IV. In terms of Section 102:

  • The Resolution Professional shall cause a public notice within seven days of passing the order under section 100 inviting claims from all creditors within twenty-one days of such issue.

  • 2) The notice under sub-section (1) shall include—

  • a) details of the order admitting the application;

  • b) particulars of the resolution professional with whom the claims are to be registered; and

  • c) the last date for submission of claims.

  • 3) The notice shall be—

  • a) published in at least one English and one vernacular newspaper which is in circulation in the state where the debtor resides;

  • b) placed on the website of the Adjudicating Authority.

V. In terms of Section 103:

  • a) The creditors shall register claims with the resolution professional by sending details of the claims by way of electronic communications or through courier, speed post or registered letter.

  • b) In addition to the claims referred to in subsection (1), the creditor shall provide to the resolution professional, personal information and such particulars as may be prescribed.

VI. In terms of Section 104: The resolution professional shall, within 30 days from the date of notice prepare a list of creditors on the basis of—

  • a) the information disclosed in the application filed by the debtor under section 94 or 95, as the case may be; and;

  • b) claims received by the resolution professional under section 102.

VII. In terms of Section 105: The Resolution Professional shall assist the debtor in preparing repayment plan containing a proposal to the creditors for restricting of his debts or affairs.

VIII. In terms of Section 106: The Resolution Professional shall submit the repayment plan under Section 105 along with his report, within 21 days from the last date of submission of claims under Section 102 specifying.

  • a) That the repayment plan is in compliance with the provisions of any law for the time being in force;

  • b) That the repayment plan has a reasonable prospect of being approved and implemented; and

  • c) Whether there is a necessity of summoning a meeting of the creditors, if required, to consider the repayment plan:

  • Meeting of creditors shall be held if necessary, specifying the-

  • a) Date, Time and Place of meeting after consulting the creditors;

  • b) Within 14 to 28 days from submission of its report;

  • c) After issuance notice for meeting at least 14 days in advance, to all the creditors mentioned in the list of creditors.

IX. The Resolution Professional shall prepare a report of the meeting in accordance with Section 112 and furnish a report to this Adjudicating Authority.


# 15. Thus, we accept the application filed under Section 95(1) of the IBC, 2016 for commencement of Insolvency Resolution Process against the Personal Guarantor.


# 16. C.P (I.B) No. 134 of 2024 stands admitted.


# 17. Next date for consideration would be 24.08.2026.


# 18. The Registry is directed to send e-mail copies of the order forthwith to all the parties and their Ld. Counsel for information and for taking necessary steps.


# 19. Certified copy of the order may be issued, if applied for, upon compliance of all requisite formalities.

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